USA: Rent Control Works a Response to Business School professors misguided attacks
The housing world is abuzz about a new study: a former Goldman Sachs asset manager and a former UBS investment banker, both Assistant Professors at Stanford’s School of Business, have concluded that rent control — not the blatant abuse of industry-created loopholes around it — fueled San Francisco’s rising rents and gentrification.
The Stanford paper (Diamond, McQuade, Qian, The Effects of Rent Control Expansion on Tenants, Landlords and Inequality: Evidence from San Francisco(October 2017) is part hard data, part flawed methodology, and part misguided editorializing. While the data part documents the direct and substantial benefits of rent control in achieving its purposes, the balance of the paper uses flawed assumptions and conjecture to conclude that the direct, proven benefits of rent control are somehow negated by indirect effects. The result is a paper that is at best ill-informed and at worst flat-out biased.
The Data Shows the Effectiveness of Rent Control
Most press coverage of the study so far has ignored its findings regarding the direct benefits of rent control. The data — before it is subject to the authors’ flawed assumptions — makes a compelling case for the effectiveness of rent control in stabilizing tenant homes, providing further evidence of what advocates have long known: Rent control is an essential policy to prevent the displacement of working class tenants, seniors, immigrants, and communities of color from hot urban real estate markets.
The Stanford paper fully supports the conclusion that rent control works to keep people in their homes: “We find that rent control increased the probability a renter stayed at their address by close to 20 percent.” Stanford Paper, page 1. The stabilizing effects are “significantly stronger among older households and among households that have already spent a number of years at their treated address.” In other words, seniors and long-term tenants find longer term stability because of rent control.
Equally importantly, the study confirms how rent control prevents displacement from the city. “We can see that tenants who receive rent control protections are persistently more likely to remain at their 1993 address relative to the control group. Not only that, but they are also more likely to be living in San Francisco.” Effects of Rent Control Expansion, page 12.
The paper also acknowledges the substantial financial benefit conferred on tenants because of the expansion of rent control in San Francisco in 1994.
“Across the entire population, the aggregate benefit was $7.085 billion dollars, reflecting an annual average of $394 million dollars. Note also that these welfare numbers are only for the 1994 population impacted by the rent control expansion. It does not take into account the welfare benefits for renters who moved into the impacted properties in later years, which presumably were also quite large.” Effects of Rent Control Expansion, Page 40.
The $7 billion savings for tenants is the tip of the iceberg, relating only to the studied group — tenants in small buildings who lived in their homes in 1994 when they became rent controlled. As the authors note, it does not measure the benefit for all of the tenants that moved into the studied properties after they gained rent control.
Meanwhile, landlords were not exactly struggling to scrape by. They enjoyed the significant appreciation of their properties and rising rental income thanks to government policy designed to maximize landlord profits (Prop. 13 kept their taxes low; Costa-Hawkins kept their rents high.) With landlords continuing to thrive while tenants saved money and realized greater housing and community stability, one would expect some comments about how rent control has been a wildly successful program.
The Stanford authors, however, were not content to recognize these successes of the 1994 expansion. They have a different story to tell, with flawed assumptions aplenty.
The Stanford Critique of Rent Control is Fundamentally Flawed
Here is the Stanford study’s argument in a nutshell: (a) Newly covered rent controlled units are more likely to be converted than non-rent controlled units, (b) The decrease in supply of rental units from conversion causes rising rents citywide, and © This aggregate citywide increase in rents outweighed the economic benefits of rent control in the newly covered units.
The study makes three critical mistakes.
Mistake #1: The authors blame rent control for the speculative abuse of loopholes around it.
The authors blame rent control, rather than speculator creation and abuse of loopholes around rent control, for the displacement of tenants. That is a political choice, not an academic one.
According to the Stanford article, 15% of the units in certain smaller buildings in San Francisco have been “converted” to market-rate since voters placed these buildings under the City’s rent control law through a 1994 ballot measure. That unremarkable finding simply highlights what tenant advocates have been trying to stop for years — speculation that skirts rent control by converting units.
It is fairly obvious that regulating a good or service creates an incentive for the seller of that good or service to try to avoid the regulation. Indeed, the authors “find that the owners of exogenously rent controlled properties substitute toward other types of real estate that are not regulated by rent control.” However, the authors act as if legislators were powerless to plug up loopholes that allowed conversion of rent controlled housing.
So-called “tenancies-in-common” were brought to SF by real estate profiteers who sought to buy and sell apartments, but could not condo convert more than 200 rental apartments a year because of the city’s visionary Condominium Conversion ordinance passed in the 1980s. So the speculators created condo-like entities, called TICs, hoping they were legally different enough to be outside the condo conversion law. Efforts to regulate TICs as condos did not succeed.
Had this loophole been plugged, the conversions of which the authors complain would not have been possible, and most of the subject units would still be affordable, rent controlled units. Likewise, with sensible Ellis Act amendments, mass evictions from these buildings would not have been legal or profitable.
The following is perhaps the most off-base assumption in the entirety of the paper. It stems from an assumption that evictions are a given, and in fact an acceptable way for landlords to avoid rent control, rather than a form of speculator abuse that needs to be stopped. The authors write:
“In practice, landlords have a few possible ways of removing tenants. First, landlords could move into the property themselves, known as move-in eviction. The Ellis Act also allow landlords to evict tenants if they intend to remove the property from the rental market — for instance, in order to convert the units to condos. Finally, landlords are legally allowed to offer their tenants monetary compensation for leaving. In practice, these transfer payments from landlords are quite common and can be quite large. Moreover, consistent with the empirical evidence, it seems likely that landlords would be most successful at removing tenants with the least built-up neighborhood capital, i.e. those tenants who have not lived in the neighborhood for long.”
The authors refuse to entertain the possibility that rent control is not functioning fully due to loopholes, without which these landlords would have had not few, but no “ways of removing tenants” for speculative gain. It is worth noting that all rent control laws, including San Francisco’s, already allow landlords to evict tenants who fail to pay rent or otherwise violate terms of their leases, as well as allowing “owner move-in” evictions where landlords seek to move into the home. What is at issue here, and the authors seem fine with, is the idea that landlords should have even more ways to evict tenants for speculative gain amidst a housing crisis.
Speculators are making a killing through evictions and conversions, while spinning a narrative of blaming rent control instead of those abusing it. That’s understandable for speculators, but these professors should know better. The article’s insistence on characterizing landlords as victims who reasonably sought conversion to avoid the burdens of rent control dovetails with boilerplate real estate industry spin. The reality is that conversions were driven by the greed of real estate speculators who were willing to do anything to “reposition” the properties for greater profit.
Mistake #2: The authors’ causation analysis ignores other important causes of citywide rents rising.
The authors blame rising rents citywide on the existence of rent control. “We find losses to all renters of $5 billion due to rent control’s effect on decreasing the rental housing and raising market rents.” Here is the entire analysis of their assumption that the loss of 15% of the newly covered units is responsible for the rising market rents:
“We finally turn to evaluating the GE welfare impact of the landlord supply response. Intuitively, since landlords reduced supply in response to the 1994 law, as was shown in Section 4.2, average San Francisco rents were higher than they otherwise would have been.” Stanford Study, Page 40.
There is nothing intuitive about this, yet this assumption is the key to their whole analysis. Without it, the supposed “welfare losses” from rent control crumble.
Rents rise for many reasons — rent control is not one of them. In fact, without rent control, cities like San Francisco would be almost exclusively for the rich.
Cambridge provides a clear case of what happens without rent control, and it’s no surprise: rents go up. When rent control was eliminated in Massachusetts, costs of all housing in Cambridge — formerly rent controlled and uncontrolled units — rose dramatically. (See Autor, Palmer & Pathak, Housing Market Spillovers: Evidence from the End of Rent Control in Cambridge, Massachusetts.) As Richard Arnott writes, rent stabilization like we have in California prevents rent-gouging and displacement and allows for a fair return on investments. (Arnott, Richard. “Time for Revisionism on Rent Control?” The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 1995: Vol. 9, №1: 99–120.) Eric Fischer’s recent analysis of San Francisco rents from 1950 to present day found that rent control did not increase rent overall.
The Stanford study argues that the 1994 expansion of rent control to small buildings in San Francisco led to the conversion of 15% of the newly rent controlled units, which they cite as the cause of a 7% rent increase citywide resulting from reduced supply. The authors assume without analysis that the reduced supply (a tiny fraction of the city’s total rental stock) caused the citywide price increases. The authors also ignore other factors driving the increases, mainly surging demand for housing due to the region’s tech employment boom, the city’s refusal to enforce local laws against converting rental units to short term rentals like Airbnb, Wall Street’s securitization of rental income, and international real estate investment.
The authors also completely ignore that, were rent control allowed to fully operate, there would be limits on the allowable rent increases across the city through vacancy control. The absence of vacancy control creates the most obvious incentive for a landlord to evict a rent-controlled tenant from an existing unit, without ever having to initiate a conversion. Remarkably, the authors write an entire paper blaming rising rents on rent control, and do not even mention once that the primary tool that the city could use to prevent those citywide rent increases is vacancy control, which the real estate industry banned through statewide legislation in 1995.
Mistake #3: The methodology makes apples-to-oranges comparisons.
Even accepting the authors’ two flawed assumptions — that rent control is to blame for conversions and that the resulting supply reduction drove up rents city-wide — there is a third fundamental problem with the analysis. Specifically, the authors wildly understate the economic benefits of rent control by making apples-to-oranges comparisons between tenant cohorts in their analysis.
In estimating what tenants save because of rent control, the study focused exclusively on tenants in the newly covered small buildings at the time of the rent control expansion — 1994. They compare the savings of that group with citywide rent increases of rents on all units for a decade. Omitted from the plus side of the equation are all beneficiaries of the newly covered units who moved in after 1994. In fact, most of the small buildings they studied remained rent-controlled throughout the studied period (85% of those units, if the study’s data is accurate), yet the benefits of rent control for those subsequent tenants are entirely omitted by the authors.
To be clear, for every year after 1994, tenants moved into rent controlled homes that would not have been rent controlled without the 1994 rent control expansion. Yet the rent control benefits of financial and communal stability for those tenants are excluded from the cost-benefit analysis. Were they included, the benefits of the rent control expansion would dwarf the supposed, speculative harms.
Finally, while converted units no doubt contribute to gentrification, the authors ignore the gentrification that would have occurred if the ballot initiative had not expanded rent control to cover small buildings. Without the 1994 law that brought smaller, owner-occupied buildings under rent control, the 15% of those units may not have been converted, but they would be renting at market rate, which in SF is unaffordable to the working class. Without rent control on these units, all of the subject units — 100% of them — would have rented at market rates that are exclusionary to seniors, working families, and many communities of color. By failing to factor in the accelerated gentrification that would have occurred but for rent control, the authors further undermine their own conclusions.
Rent Control Works and Academics Need to Address the Speculation-Driven Context of Our Housing Markets
Supply-side economics will not solve the housing crisis. Evaluating rent control solely on changes in rental housing supply is myopic and does not answer the question of whether or not rent control works to protect our most vulnerable residents in a time of extreme income inequality. Landlords who have made the decision to evict rent controlled tenants for profit do so not because of rent control itself, but because of available industry-created loopholes around rent control that allow evictions and create profit incentives. Left unregulated, speculators will create and exploit opportunities to evict long-time tenants, convert units to condos or vacation rentals, or rent to higher-paying tenants. There is a clear historical pattern of spikes in the eviction of rent-controlled tenants that do not correlate to the expansion of rent control itself, but in the overall volatility of the rental housing market.
What works best to drive down the cost of the housing market is heavy investment in affordable and public housing. A study by the UC Urban Displacement Project has found that affordable housing has twice the impactas market-rate development on preventing displacement. However, this long term strategy in no way suggests that housing on the private market should remain a windfall profits generator for landlords and real estate speculators. To the contrary, we must stop rent gouging and evictions of tenants in the private market while we build political momentum for increasing social housing.
These Stanford authors follow a long line of free-market academics who take no issue with the function of housing as a mere commodity and decry the “price distorting” impacts of rent control. Yet it is what these economists criticize as “price distortion” that others view as one of the few successful models of maintaining affordable housing and preventing displacement in booming real estate markets. Rent control would be even more successful in this regard if not unreasonably constrained and undermined by industry written state laws that create loopholes for speculators.
Faulty studies like this are used as ammunition by the real estate industry, among the biggest lobbies in the state and the second-largest in America, to decimate protections for renters and destabilize the lives and livelihoods of low-income and working families. Findings that support rent control are ignored while the industry spends their tenants’ unfair rents on unlimited resources to ensure that politicians and media outlets regurgitate even the most speculative and ill-informed rent control critiques.
Finally, the industry and business school professors like these authors insist on elevating the narrative of “mom-and-pop” landlords as faux-victims, while ignoring the real estate speculators who are driving the housing crisis. The “mom-and-pop” landlords are, of course, guaranteed a fair return on their investment by law even in rent-regulating cities, and continue to make well above a fair return in San Francisco. Framing economic decisions through the plight of small landlords allows critics to question rent control without addressing the prevalence of corporate real estate speculation. There are, in fact, corporate real estate speculators in San Francisco that profit handsomely by converting rent-controlled properties to out-of-control profit centers like real estate investment trusts (REITs), and will continue to do so long as they are given free rein.
Meanwhile, tenants who make up nearly half of California’s population are left to work multiple jobs or suffer displacement to pay for the excesses of this industry. We hope next time a university of Stanford’s prestige examines rent control, the authors will center the social value of tenant and community stability and address the exploitative greed of the real estate industry that drives rents and displacement. If they do, they will recognize the success of rent control, the only proven, immediate solution to rising rents and displacement in California cities.
Published by: Tenants Together via Medium
Written by: Dean Preston
Photo: San Fransisco Housing Right Committee